二战德国航空燃油

As a consequence of our contracts with the Americans, we received from them, above and beyond the agreement, many very valuable contributions for the synthesis and improvement of motor fuels and lubricating oils, which Just now during the war are most useful to us; and we also received other advantages from them. Primarily, the following may be mentioned:
(1) Above all, improvement of fuels through the addition of tetraethyl-lead and the manufacture of this product. It need not be especially mentioned that without tetraethl-lead the present methods of warfare would be impossible. The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce tetraethyl-lead is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans had presented us with the production plans, complete with their know-how. It was, moreover, the first time that the Americans decided to give a license on this process in a foreign country (besides communication of unprotected secrets) and this only on our urgent requests to Standard Oil to fulfill our wish. Contractually we could not demand it, and we found out later that the War Department in Washington gave its permission only after long deliberation.
(2) Conversion of low-molecular unsaturates into usable gasoline (polymerization). Much work in this field has been done here as well as in America. But the Americans were the first to carry the process through on a large scale, which suggested to us also to develop the process on a large technical scale. But above and beyond that, plants built according to American processes are functioning in Germany.
(3) In the field of lubricating oils as well, Germany through the contract with America, learned of experience which is extraordinarily important for present day warfare.
In this connection, we obtained not only the experience of Standard, but, through Standard, the experiences of General Motors and other large American motor companies as well.
(4) As a further remarkable example of advantageous effect for us of the contract between IG and Standard Oil, the following should be mentioned: in the years 1934 / 1935 our government had the greatest interest in gathering from abroad a stock of especially valuable mineral oil products (in particular, aviation gasoline and aviation lubricating oil), and holding it in reserve to an amount approximately equal to 20 million dollars at market value. The German Government asked IG if it were not possible, on the basis o fits friendly relations with Standard Oil, to buy this amount in Farben's name; actually, however, as trustee of the German Government. The fact that we actually succeeded by means of the most difficult negotiations in buying the quantity desired by our government from the American Standard Oil Company and the Dutch — English Royal — Dutch — Shell group and in transporting it to Germany, was made possible only through the aid of the Standard Oil Co.。。。

总而言之，德国无论在燃油添加剂和合成汽油方面都得到了美国的大量帮助，可以说没有这些美国技术，德国发动的闪电战将不可想象。那么得到了英美燃油技术的德国，其航空燃油品质到底如何？有人认为德国主要的合成燃油B4才87号，c3也不过97号，与英美动辄130甚至150的相比，差距极大，所以德国战斗机喝的是“劣质油”，情况真是这样吗？看看战后美国海军和英国对德国航空燃油的研究报告，就知道答案了。

美国海军调查报告《MANUFACTURE OF AVIATION GASOLINE IN GERMANY》链接如下：

http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/gvt_reports/USNAVY/tech_rpt_145_45/rpt_145_45_toc.htm

英国调查报告，《A SURVEY OF SAMPLES EXAMINED OVER THE PERIOD SUMMER 1940 TO AUTUMN 1943》里面详细分析了22份德国航空燃油样本，时间涵盖了BOB时期的1940年夏到1943年秋。（英国佬真细心，连缴获的德国航空油料都仔细留着）

2份报告指出，德国二战航空燃油和英美基本上是一样的性能！ 怎么会出现这个结论？还要从燃油的测定标准入手，前面提到辛烷值是燃油的分级标准，而人工合成燃油和原油提炼的燃油成分比正庚烷和异辛烷的简单混合物要复杂得多，那么我们知道燃油在内燃机内燃烧有两种，一是贫油混合燃烧，即lean burn，对应于贫油混合，即lean mixtrue，空气和汽油的比例在14.7：1以上，最高可达65：1，，另一种是富油混合燃烧，空气和汽油的比例大概为14.7：1以下，对应于富油混合，即rich mixtrue，中间的临界混合叫stoichiometric mixture。同一种燃油，在富油燃烧条件下的抗爆燃能力（辛烷值）和贫油燃烧条件下的抗爆燃能力是不同的，所以最完整的燃油标号应该写作a/b，例如英国的100/125，美国的80/87，100/130，115/145。其中需要注意的是，100/125的100，是MON，还是RON？抑或是DON？测试燃油标号有专门的单缸变压缩比发动机，叫做“合作燃油研究引擎”，即CFR引擎。

贫油指标的测试方法：先用汽车发动机标号测试（CFR引擎），再根据一个表格转化成航空标号，航空标号在100以下时，和MON只相差1-2个点，在100以上时，航空燃油标号有可能明显大于MON，例如110MON=128性能指数。

富油指标的测试方法：使用带增压器得CFR引擎，固定压缩比。富油指标就是看看燃油能获得多少最大的发动机功率而不发生爆燃，再和纯异辛烷比较。150的富油指标就是指燃油能比纯异辛烷提供更多的50%的功率。